First Abu Dhabi Bank PJSC Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of First Abu Dhabi Bank PJSC for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 1.01 | + | 0.892 * 1.3196 | + | 0.115 * 0.9632 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 0.8416 | + | 4.679 * -0.011746 | - | 0.327 * 0.9567 |
| = | -2.21 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec23) TTM: | Last Year (Dec22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was د.إ0 Mil.
Revenue was 6823.908 + 6948.953 + 6755.767 + 6640.138 = د.إ27,169 Mil.
Gross Profit was 6823.908 + 6948.953 + 6755.767 + 6640.138 = د.إ27,169 Mil.
Total Current Assets was د.إ258,657 Mil.
Total Assets was د.إ1,168,633 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was د.إ5,115 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was د.إ980 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was د.إ2,676 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was د.إ39,721 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was د.إ87,789 Mil.
Net Income was 4010.518 + 4254.798 + 4211.183 + 3928.994 = د.إ16,405 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = د.إ0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was -31472.386 + 25062.472 + -45967.156 + 82509.178 = د.إ30,132 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was د.إ0 Mil.
Revenue was 5747.659 + 5486.655 + 4952.818 + 4401.803 = د.إ20,589 Mil.
Gross Profit was 5747.659 + 5486.655 + 4952.818 + 4401.803 = د.إ20,589 Mil.
Total Current Assets was د.إ253,256 Mil.
Total Assets was د.إ1,110,056 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was د.إ5,795 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was د.إ1,062 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was د.إ2,409 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was د.إ31,801 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was د.إ94,794 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (0 / 27168.766) | / | (0 / 20588.935) |
| = | 0 | / | 0 |
| | = | 1 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (20588.935 / 20588.935) | / | (27168.766 / 27168.766) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (258656.655 + 5114.876) / 1168632.561) | / | (1 - (253255.785 + 5795.207) / 1110056.095) |
| = | 0.77429 | / | 0.766633 |
| | = | 1.01 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 27168.766 | / | 20588.935 |
| | = | 1.3196 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (1062.293 / (1062.293 + 5795.207)) | / | (980.296 / (980.296 + 5114.876)) |
| = | 0.15491 | / | 0.160832 |
| | = | 0.9632 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (2675.746 / 27168.766) | / | (2409.247 / 20588.935) |
| = | 0.098486 | / | 0.117017 |
| | = | 0.8416 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((87789.344 + 39720.836) / 1168632.561) | / | ((94794.109 + 31800.68) / 1110056.095) |
| = | 0.109111 | / | 0.114044 |
| | = | 0.9567 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (16405.493 - 0 | - | 30132.108) | / | 1168632.561 |
| | = | -0.011746 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
First Abu Dhabi Bank PJSC has a M-score of -2.21 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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