Bac Holding International Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Bac Holding International for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 1.0014 | + | 0.892 * 1.122 | + | 0.115 * 0.8451 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 0.8783 | + | 4.679 * 0.014007 | - | 0.327 * 0.7875 |
| = | -2.23 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Mar24) TTM: | Last Year (Mar23) TTM: |
Total Receivables was COP0 Mil.
Revenue was 2761289.36 + 2847377.29 + 2771016.039 + 3187439.638 = COP11,567,122 Mil.
Gross Profit was 2761289.36 + 2847377.29 + 2771016.039 + 3187439.638 = COP11,567,122 Mil.
Total Current Assets was COP0 Mil.
Total Assets was COP143,455,751 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was COP2,245,216 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was COP547,636 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was COP705,537 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was COP0 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was COP463,442 Mil.
Net Income was 562907.538 + 522230.985 + 537133.783 + 887104.141 = COP2,509,376 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = COP0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was -273790.783 + 2888279.723 + -1100247.186 + -1014239.357 = COP500,002 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was COP0 Mil.
Revenue was 2774694.612 + 2869082.56 + 2312590.377 + 2352645.022 = COP10,309,013 Mil.
Gross Profit was 2774694.612 + 2869082.56 + 2312590.377 + 2352645.022 = COP10,309,013 Mil.
Total Current Assets was COP0 Mil.
Total Assets was COP157,839,760 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was COP2,685,163 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was COP533,349 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was COP715,897 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was COP0 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was COP647,581 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (0 / 11567122.327) | / | (0 / 10309012.571) |
| = | 0 | / | 0 |
| | = | 1 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (10309012.571 / 10309012.571) | / | (11567122.327 / 11567122.327) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (0 + 2245215.541) / 143455751.361) | / | (1 - (0 + 2685162.762) / 157839760.127) |
| = | 0.984349 | / | 0.982988 |
| | = | 1.0014 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 11567122.327 | / | 10309012.571 |
| | = | 1.122 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (533349.268 / (533349.268 + 2685162.762)) | / | (547636.302 / (547636.302 + 2245215.541)) |
| = | 0.165713 | / | 0.196085 |
| | = | 0.8451 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (705536.539 / 11567122.327) | / | (715897.159 / 10309012.571) |
| = | 0.060995 | / | 0.069444 |
| | = | 0.8783 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((463441.827 + 0) / 143455751.361) | / | ((647580.847 + 0) / 157839760.127) |
| = | 0.003231 | / | 0.004103 |
| | = | 0.7875 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (2509376.447 - 0 | - | 500002.397) | / | 143455751.361 |
| | = | 0.014007 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Bac Holding International has a M-score of -2.23 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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