HCC Insurance Holdings Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of HCC Insurance Holdings for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 0.9118 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 1 | + | 0.892 * 1.1616 | + | 0.115 * 1 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 1 | + | 4.679 * -0.005714 | - | 0.327 * 1.2167 |
| = | -2.51 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec14) TTM: | Last Year (Dec13) TTM: |
Total Receivables was €449 Mil.
Revenue was €2,151 Mil.
Gross Profit was €2,151 Mil.
Total Current Assets was €0 Mil.
Total Assets was €8,689 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was €0 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was €14 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was €0 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was €0 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was €668 Mil.
Net Income was €372 Mil.
Gross Profit was €33 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was €388 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was €423 Mil.
Revenue was €1,852 Mil.
Gross Profit was €1,852 Mil.
Total Current Assets was €0 Mil.
Total Assets was €7,552 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was €0 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was €13 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was €0 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was €0 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was €477 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (448.505 / 2151.217) | / | (423.478 / 1851.94) |
| = | 0.208489 | / | 0.228667 |
| | = | 0.9118 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (1851.94 / 1851.94) | / | (2151.217 / 2151.217) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (0 + 0) / 8689.335) | / | (1 - (0 + 0) / 7551.5) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 2151.217 | / | 1851.94 |
| | = | 1.1616 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (13.351 / (13.351 + 0)) | / | (13.523 / (13.523 + 0)) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (0 / 2151.217) | / | (0 / 1851.94) |
| = | 0 | / | 0 |
| | = | 1 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((668.468 + 0) / 8689.335) | / | ((477.492 + 0) / 7551.5) |
| = | 0.07693 | / | 0.063231 |
| | = | 1.2167 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (371.716 - 33.196 | - | 388.175) | / | 8689.335 |
| | = | -0.005714 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
HCC Insurance Holdings has a M-score of -2.51 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
HCC Insurance Holdings (FRA:HCZ) Business Description
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HCC Insurance Holdings Inc was incorporated in the state of Delaware in 1991. The Company provides specialized property and casualty, surety, and group life, accident and health insurance coverages and related agency and reinsurance brokerage services to commercial customers and individuals. It concentrates its activities in selected, narrowly defined, specialty lines of business. The Company has five underwriting segments: U.S. Property & Casualty, Professional Liability, Accident & Health, U.S. Surety & Credit and International. U.S. Property & Casualty segment includes specialty lines of insurance such as aviation, small account errors and omissions liability (E&O), public risk, contingency, disability, title and mortgage reinsurance, residual value, employment practices liability (EPLI), technical property, primary and excess casualty, and brown water marine written in the U.S. The majority of the business is primary coverage, and claims are reported and settled on a short to medium-term basis. Professional Liability segment primarily consists of its directors' and officers' (D&O) liability business. In addition, it write related professional liability and crime business coverages, including large account E&O liability, fiduciary liability, fidelity and bankers blanket bonds, and EPLI for some D&O policyholders. Accident & Health segment includes medical stop-loss, short-term domestic and international medical products, written in the United States. The majority of the business covers groups of employees, and claims are reported and settled quickly. U.S. Surety & Credit segment conducts business through separate specialty surety underwriting operations and credit underwriting operations. International segment includes energy, property treaty, liability, surety, credit, property (direct and facultative), ocean marine, accident and health and other smaller product lines written from operations in the United Kingdom, Spain and Ireland. The Company operates mainly in the United States, the United Kingdom, Spain and Ireland. Some of its operations have a broader international scope. The Company markets its products both directly to customers and through a network of independent and affiliated brokers, producers, agents and third party administrators. Its insurance companies are risk-bearing and focus their underwriting activities on providing insurance and/or reinsurance in the following lines of business: Diversified financial products; Group life, accident and health; Aviation; London market account and other specialty lines. The Company's underwriting agencies underwrite on behalf of its insurance companies and in certain situations for other unaffiliated insurance companies. The agencies specialize in the following types of business: contingency; directors' and officers' liability; individual disability; kidnap and ransom; employment practices liability; errors and omissions liability; public entity; various financial products
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