Hagerty Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Hagerty for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 0.8794 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 1.0115 | + | 0.892 * 1.2126 | + | 0.115 * 0.9741 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 0.8673 | + | 4.679 * -0.155308 | - | 0.327 * 0.7554 |
| = | -3.02 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Sep24) TTM: | Last Year (Sep23) TTM: |
Total Receivables was $389 Mil.
Revenue was 322.911 + 311.284 + 265.568 + 258.005 = $1,158 Mil.
Gross Profit was 322.911 + 311.284 + 265.568 + 258.005 = $1,158 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $0 Mil.
Total Assets was $1,818 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $65 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $41 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $479 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $0 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $71 Mil.
Net Income was 4.885 + 10.378 + -1.351 + 14.571 = $28 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 41.527 + 26.797 + 31.249 + 20.135 = $120 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 67.387 + 64.017 + 58.238 + 1.485 = $191 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was $364 Mil.
Revenue was 276.424 + 259.49 + 217.837 + 201.033 = $955 Mil.
Gross Profit was 276.424 + 259.49 + 217.837 + 201.033 = $955 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $0 Mil.
Total Assets was $1,584 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $74 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $44 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $455 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $0 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $82 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (388.651 / 1157.768) | / | (364.477 / 954.784) |
| = | 0.33569 | / | 0.381738 |
| | = | 0.8794 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (954.784 / 954.784) | / | (1157.768 / 1157.768) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (0 + 64.59) / 1818.012) | / | (1 - (0 + 73.631) / 1583.677) |
| = | 0.964472 | / | 0.953506 |
| | = | 1.0115 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 1157.768 | / | 954.784 |
| | = | 1.2126 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (44.443 / (44.443 + 73.631)) | / | (40.674 / (40.674 + 64.59)) |
| = | 0.3764 | / | 0.3864 |
| | = | 0.9741 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (478.794 / 1157.768) | / | (455.273 / 954.784) |
| = | 0.413549 | / | 0.476834 |
| | = | 0.8673 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((71.444 + 0) / 1818.012) | / | ((82.391 + 0) / 1583.677) |
| = | 0.039298 | / | 0.052025 |
| | = | 0.7554 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (28.483 - 119.708 | - | 191.127) | / | 1818.012 |
| | = | -0.155308 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Hagerty has a M-score of -3.02 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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