RWS Holdings Beneish M-Score Historical Data
The historical data trend for RWS Holdings's Beneish M-Score can be seen below:
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
RWS Holdings Beneish M-Score Chart
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RWS Holdings Annual Data
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Trend |
Sep15 |
Sep16 |
Sep17 |
Sep18 |
Sep19 |
Sep20 |
Sep21 |
Sep22 |
Sep23 |
Sep24 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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-2.77 |
-1.72 |
-2.52 |
-3.10 |
-2.53 |
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RWS Holdings Semi-Annual Data
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Mar15 |
Sep15 |
Mar16 |
Sep16 |
Mar17 |
Sep17 |
Mar18 |
Sep18 |
Mar19 |
Sep19 |
Mar20 |
Sep20 |
Mar21 |
Sep21 |
Mar22 |
Sep22 |
Mar23 |
Sep23 |
Mar24 |
Sep24 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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-2.52 |
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-3.10 |
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-2.53 |
Competitive Comparison of RWS Holdings's Beneish M-Score
For the Specialty Business Services subindustry, RWS Holdings's Beneish M-Score, along with its competitors' market caps and Beneish M-Score data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
RWS Holdings's Beneish M-Score Distribution in the Business Services Industry
For the Business Services industry and Industrials sector, RWS Holdings's Beneish M-Score distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where RWS Holdings's Beneish M-Score falls into.
RWS Holdings Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of RWS Holdings for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1.0937 | + | 0.528 * 0.9875 | + | 0.404 * 1.0023 | + | 0.892 * 0.9787 | + | 0.115 * 0.8713 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 0.7984 | + | 4.679 * -0.023042 | - | 0.327 * 1.0598 |
| = | -2.53 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Sep24) TTM: | Last Year (Sep23) TTM: |
Total Receivables was £211.2 Mil.
Revenue was £718.2 Mil.
Gross Profit was £336.5 Mil.
Total Current Assets was £278.3 Mil.
Total Assets was £1,206.5 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was £36.2 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was £69.3 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was £270.7 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was £158.4 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was £93.1 Mil.
Net Income was £47.5 Mil.
Gross Profit was £0.0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was £75.3 Mil.
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Total Receivables was £197.3 Mil.
Revenue was £733.8 Mil.
Gross Profit was £339.5 Mil.
Total Current Assets was £290.2 Mil.
Total Assets was £1,315.8 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was £55.0 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was £73.6 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was £346.4 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was £182.6 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was £76.2 Mil.
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1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (211.2 / 718.2) | / | (197.3 / 733.8) |
| = | 0.294069 | / | 0.268874 |
| | = | 1.0937 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (339.5 / 733.8) | / | (336.5 / 718.2) |
| = | 0.46266 | / | 0.468532 |
| | = | 0.9875 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (278.3 + 36.2) / 1206.5) | / | (1 - (290.2 + 55) / 1315.8) |
| = | 0.739329 | / | 0.73765 |
| | = | 1.0023 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 718.2 | / | 733.8 |
| | = | 0.9787 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (73.6 / (73.6 + 55)) | / | (69.3 / (69.3 + 36.2)) |
| = | 0.572317 | / | 0.656872 |
| | = | 0.8713 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (270.7 / 718.2) | / | (346.4 / 733.8) |
| = | 0.376915 | / | 0.472063 |
| | = | 0.7984 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((93.1 + 158.4) / 1206.5) | / | ((76.2 + 182.6) / 1315.8) |
| = | 0.208454 | / | 0.196686 |
| | = | 1.0598 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (47.5 - 0 | - | 75.3) | / | 1206.5 |
| | = | -0.023042 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
RWS Holdings has a M-score of -2.53 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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