Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield Beneish M-Score Historical Data
The historical data trend for Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield's Beneish M-Score can be seen below:
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield Beneish M-Score Chart
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Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield Annual Data
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Trend |
Dec14 |
Dec15 |
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Dec17 |
Dec18 |
Dec19 |
Dec20 |
Dec21 |
Dec22 |
Dec23 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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-2.91 |
-3.11 |
-2.45 |
-2.76 |
-2.79 |
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Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield Semi-Annual Data
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Dec14 |
Jun15 |
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Dec23 |
Jun24 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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-2.76 |
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-2.79 |
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Competitive Comparison of Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield's Beneish M-Score
For the REIT - Retail subindustry, Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield's Beneish M-Score, along with its competitors' market caps and Beneish M-Score data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield's Beneish M-Score Distribution in the REITs Industry
For the REITs industry and Real Estate sector, Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield's Beneish M-Score distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield's Beneish M-Score falls into.
Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1.0977 | + | 0.528 * 1.0209 | + | 0.404 * 0.9478 | + | 0.892 * 1.019 | + | 0.115 * 0.3264 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 0.9295 | + | 4.679 * -0.068789 | - | 0.327 * 1.075 |
| = | -2.79 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec23) TTM: | Last Year (Dec22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was €1,018 Mil.
Revenue was €3,061 Mil.
Gross Profit was €1,882 Mil.
Total Current Assets was €6,957 Mil.
Total Assets was €53,578 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was €113 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was €49 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was €199 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was €3,837 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was €26,004 Mil.
Net Income was €-1,629 Mil.
Gross Profit was €0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was €2,057 Mil.
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Total Receivables was €910 Mil.
Revenue was €3,004 Mil.
Gross Profit was €1,886 Mil.
Total Current Assets was €4,459 Mil.
Total Assets was €54,636 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was €137 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was €15 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was €210 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was €2,685 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was €25,622 Mil.
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1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (1018 / 3061) | / | (910.1 / 3003.8) |
| = | 0.332571 | / | 0.302983 |
| | = | 1.0977 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (1885.8 / 3003.8) | / | (1882.3 / 3061) |
| = | 0.627805 | / | 0.61493 |
| | = | 1.0209 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (6956.7 + 113.1) / 53578.1) | / | (1 - (4458.5 + 137.3) / 54636) |
| = | 0.868047 | / | 0.915883 |
| | = | 0.9478 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 3061 | / | 3003.8 |
| | = | 1.019 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (15.1 / (15.1 + 137.3)) | / | (49.3 / (49.3 + 113.1)) |
| = | 0.099081 | / | 0.303571 |
| | = | 0.3264 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (199.3 / 3061) | / | (210.4 / 3003.8) |
| = | 0.065109 | / | 0.070045 |
| | = | 0.9295 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((26003.6 + 3837.1) / 53578.1) | / | ((25621.5 + 2685.1) / 54636) |
| = | 0.556957 | / | 0.518094 |
| | = | 1.075 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (-1629.1 - 0 | - | 2056.5) | / | 53578.1 |
| | = | -0.068789 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield has a M-score of -2.79 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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