Pierre & Vacances Beneish M-Score Historical Data
The historical data trend for Pierre & Vacances's Beneish M-Score can be seen below:
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Pierre & Vacances Beneish M-Score Chart
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Pierre & Vacances Annual Data
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Trend |
Sep13 |
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Sep18 |
Sep19 |
Sep20 |
Sep21 |
Sep22 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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-2.76 |
-2.71 |
-3.18 |
-3.19 |
-2.12 |
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Pierre & Vacances Semi-Annual Data
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Sep13 |
Mar14 |
Sep14 |
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Mar23 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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-3.19 |
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-2.12 |
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Competitive Comparison of Pierre & Vacances's Beneish M-Score
For the Lodging subindustry, Pierre & Vacances's Beneish M-Score, along with its competitors' market caps and Beneish M-Score data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
Pierre & Vacances's Beneish M-Score Distribution in the Travel & Leisure Industry
For the Travel & Leisure industry and Consumer Cyclical sector, Pierre & Vacances's Beneish M-Score distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where Pierre & Vacances's Beneish M-Score falls into.
Pierre & Vacances Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Pierre & Vacances for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 0.5087 | + | 0.528 * 0.7695 | + | 0.404 * 0.9911 | + | 0.892 * 1.7204 | + | 0.115 * 1.0536 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 1 | + | 4.679 * 0.052651 | - | 0.327 * 0.8594 |
| = | -2.12 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Sep22) TTM: | Last Year (Sep21) TTM: |
Total Receivables was €261 Mil.
Revenue was €1,612 Mil.
Gross Profit was €920 Mil.
Total Current Assets was €1,172 Mil.
Total Assets was €3,901 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was €2,341 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was €257 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was €0 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was €1,132 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was €2,990 Mil.
Net Income was €291 Mil.
Gross Profit was €0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was €86 Mil.
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Total Receivables was €299 Mil.
Revenue was €937 Mil.
Gross Profit was €412 Mil.
Total Current Assets was €1,174 Mil.
Total Assets was €3,833 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was €2,274 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was €264 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was €0 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was €1,646 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was €3,067 Mil.
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1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (261.38 / 1612.313) | / | (298.663 / 937.196) |
| = | 0.162115 | / | 0.318677 |
| | = | 0.5087 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (411.681 / 937.196) | / | (920.381 / 1612.313) |
| = | 0.439269 | / | 0.570845 |
| | = | 0.7695 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (1171.74 + 2340.623) / 3900.545) | / | (1 - (1173.628 + 2274.155) / 3832.616) |
| = | 0.09952 | / | 0.10041 |
| | = | 0.9911 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 1612.313 | / | 937.196 |
| | = | 1.7204 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (264.13 / (264.13 + 2274.155)) | / | (256.509 / (256.509 + 2340.623)) |
| = | 0.104058 | / | 0.098766 |
| | = | 1.0536 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (0 / 1612.313) | / | (0 / 937.196) |
| = | 0 | / | 0 |
| | = | 1 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((2989.851 + 1131.932) / 3900.545) | / | ((3066.576 + 1645.861) / 3832.616) |
| = | 1.05672 | / | 1.229561 |
| | = | 0.8594 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (291.095 - 0 | - | 85.729) | / | 3900.545 |
| | = | 0.052651 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Pierre & Vacances has a M-score of -2.12 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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