Citigroup Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Citigroup for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 0.9434 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 1 | + | 0.892 * 1.2245 | + | 0.115 * 1.1728 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 0.9145 | + | 4.679 * 0.030192 | - | 0.327 * 0.9797 |
| = | -2.15 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Mar25) TTM: | Last Year (Mar24) TTM: |
Total Receivables was MXN1,180,765 Mil.
Revenue was 441917.579 + 408479.74 + 399023.93 + 369040.155 = MXN1,618,461 Mil.
Gross Profit was 441917.579 + 408479.74 + 399023.93 + 369040.155 = MXN1,618,461 Mil.
Total Current Assets was MXN0 Mil.
Total Assets was MXN52,608,548 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was MXN630,399 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was MXN84,189 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was MXN586,425 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was MXN0 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was MXN6,049,162 Mil.
Net Income was 83142.125 + 59563.879 + 63757.191 + 58935.771 = MXN265,399 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = MXN0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was -1201060.006 + 517137.937 + -328316.062 + -310708.947 = MXN-1,322,947 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was MXN1,022,130 Mil.
Revenue was 348620.933 + 296030.885 + 343831.608 + 333277.416 = MXN1,321,761 Mil.
Gross Profit was 348620.933 + 296030.885 + 343831.608 + 333277.416 = MXN1,321,761 Mil.
Total Current Assets was MXN0 Mil.
Total Assets was MXN40,370,556 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was MXN484,411 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was MXN77,666 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was MXN523,684 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was MXN0 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was MXN4,738,148 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (1180765.472 / 1618461.404) | / | (1022130.153 / 1321760.842) |
| = | 0.72956 | / | 0.773309 |
| | = | 0.9434 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (1321760.842 / 1321760.842) | / | (1618461.404 / 1618461.404) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (0 + 630398.975) / 52608547.752) | / | (1 - (0 + 484411.491) / 40370556.269) |
| = | 0.988017 | / | 0.988001 |
| | = | 1 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 1618461.404 | / | 1321760.842 |
| | = | 1.2245 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (77666.093 / (77666.093 + 484411.491)) | / | (84188.715 / (84188.715 + 630398.975)) |
| = | 0.138177 | / | 0.117814 |
| | = | 1.1728 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (586425.059 / 1618461.404) | / | (523683.74 / 1321760.842) |
| = | 0.362335 | / | 0.396202 |
| | = | 0.9145 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((6049162.413 + 0) / 52608547.752) | / | ((4738147.823 + 0) / 40370556.269) |
| = | 0.114984 | / | 0.117366 |
| | = | 0.9797 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (265398.966 - 0 | - | -1322947.078) | / | 52608547.752 |
| | = | 0.030192 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Citigroup has a M-score of -2.15 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
Quick Browse
Personalize
Premium Gurus 
Create New Portfolio
Portfolio Contest
MEX:C has been successfully added to your