Humana Beneish M-Score Historical Data
The historical data trend for Humana's Beneish M-Score can be seen below:
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
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Humana Annual Data
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|
Trend |
Dec12 |
Dec13 |
Dec14 |
Dec15 |
Dec16 |
Dec17 |
Dec18 |
Dec19 |
Dec20 |
Dec21 |
| Beneish M-Score |
|
|
|
|
|
|
-3.11 |
-2.40 |
-2.83 |
-2.69 |
-1.79 |
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Humana Quarterly Data
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|
Sep17 |
Dec17 |
Mar18 |
Jun18 |
Sep18 |
Dec18 |
Mar19 |
Jun19 |
Sep19 |
Dec19 |
Mar20 |
Jun20 |
Sep20 |
Dec20 |
Mar21 |
Jun21 |
Sep21 |
Dec21 |
Mar22 |
Jun22 |
| Beneish M-Score |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-2.19 |
-1.79 |
-1.79 |
-2.06 |
- |
Competitive Comparison
For the Healthcare Plans subindustry, Humana's Beneish M-Score, along with its competitors' market caps and Beneish M-Score data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
Humana Beneish M-Score Distribution
For the Healthcare Plans industry and Healthcare sector, Humana's Beneish M-Score distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where Humana's Beneish M-Score falls into.
Humana Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Humana for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * | + | 0.528 * | + | 0.404 * | + | 0.892 * | + | 0.115 * |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * | + | 4.679 * | - | 0.327 * |
| = | |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec21) TTM: | Last Year (Dec20) TTM: |
Total Receivables was $1,814 Mil.
Revenue was $83,064 Mil.
Gross Profit was $83,064 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $18,400 Mil.
Total Assets was $44,358 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $3,073 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $713 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $0 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $15,077 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $10,541 Mil.
Net Income was $2,933 Mil.
Gross Profit was $0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was $2,262 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was $1,138 Mil.
Revenue was $77,155 Mil.
Gross Profit was $77,155 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $18,365 Mil.
Total Assets was $34,969 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $2,371 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $616 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $0 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $13,076 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $6,060 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (1814 / 83064) | / | (1138 / 77155) |
| = | 0.02183858 | / | 0.01474953 |
| | = | |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (77155 / 77155) | / | (83064 / 83064) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (18400 + 3073) / 44358) | / | (1 - (18365 + 2371) / 34969) |
| = | 0.51591596 | / | 0.40701764 |
| | = | |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 83064 | / | 77155 |
| | = | |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (616 / (616 + 2371)) | / | (713 / (713 + 3073)) |
| = | 0.20622698 | / | 0.18832541 |
| | = | |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (0 / 83064) | / | (0 / 77155) |
| = | 0 | / | 0 |
| | = | |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((10541 + 15077) / 44358) | / | ((6060 + 13076) / 34969) |
| = | 0.57752829 | / | 0.54722754 |
| | = | |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (2933 - 0 | - | 2262) | / | 44358 |
| | = | 0.0151 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
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