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HUM (Humana) Beneish M-Score : -2.43 (As of Jul. 09, 2025)


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What is Humana Beneish M-Score?

Note: Financial institutions were excluded from the sample in Beneish paper when calculating Beneish M-Score. Thus, the prediction might not fit banks and insurance companies.

The zones of discrimination for M-Score is as such:

An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.

Good Sign:

Beneish M-Score -2.43 no higher than -1.78, which implies that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.

The historical rank and industry rank for Humana's Beneish M-Score or its related term are showing as below:

HUM' s Beneish M-Score Range Over the Past 10 Years
Min: -3.31   Med: -2.47   Max: -1.6
Current: -2.43

During the past 13 years, the highest Beneish M-Score of Humana was -1.60. The lowest was -3.31. And the median was -2.47.


Humana Beneish M-Score Calculation

The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.

The M-Score Variables:

The M-score of Humana for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:

M=-4.84+0.92 * DSRI+0.528 * GMI+0.404 * AQI+0.892 * SGI+0.115 * DEPI
=-4.84+0.92 * 1.2003+0.528 * 1+0.404 * 1.0106+0.892 * 1.107+0.115 * 0.84
-0.172 * SGAI+4.679 * TATA-0.327 * LVGI
-0.172 * 1+4.679 * -0.037845-0.327 * 1.1049
=-2.43

* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.

This Year (Dec24) TTM:Last Year (Dec23) TTM:
Total Receivables was $2,704 Mil.
Revenue was $117,761 Mil.
Gross Profit was $117,761 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $0 Mil.
Total Assets was $46,479 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $2,532 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $968 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $0 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $0 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $11,144 Mil.
Net Income was $1,207 Mil.
Gross Profit was $0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was $2,966 Mil.
Total Receivables was $2,035 Mil.
Revenue was $106,374 Mil.
Gross Profit was $106,374 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $0 Mil.
Total Assets was $47,065 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $3,030 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $917 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $0 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $0 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $10,213 Mil.




1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index

Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.

A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.

DSRI=(Receivables_t / Revenue_t) / (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1)
=(2704 / 117761) / (2035 / 106374)
=0.022962 / 0.019131
=1.2003

2. GMI = Gross Margin Index

Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.

Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.

GMI=GrossMargin_t-1 / GrossMargin_t
=(GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) / (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t)
=(106374 / 106374) / (117761 / 117761)
=1 / 1
=1

3. AQI = Asset Quality Index

AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.

Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.

AQI=(1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) / (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1)
=(1 - (0 + 2532) / 46479) / (1 - (0 + 3030) / 47065)
=0.945524 / 0.935621
=1.0106

4. SGI = Sales Growth Index

Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.

Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.

SGI=Sales_t / Sales_t-1
=Revenue_t / Revenue_t-1
=117761 / 106374
=1.107

5. DEPI = Depreciation Index

Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.

DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.

DEPI=(Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) / (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t))
=(917 / (917 + 3030)) / (968 / (968 + 2532))
=0.232328 / 0.276571
=0.84

Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.

6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index

The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.

SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.

SGAI=(SGA_t / Sales_t) / (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1)
=(0 / 117761) / (0 / 106374)
=0 / 0
=1

7. LVGI = Leverage Index

The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.

An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage

LVGI=((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) / ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1)
=((11144 + 0) / 46479) / ((10213 + 0) / 47065)
=0.239764 / 0.216998
=1.1049

8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets

Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.

TATA=(IncomefromContinuingOperations_t - CashFlowsfromOperations_t) / TotalAssets_t
=(NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t - CashFlowsfromOperations_t) / TotalAssets_t
=(1207 - 0 - 2966) / 46479
=-0.037845

An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.

Humana has a M-score of -2.43 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.


Humana Business Description

Address
500 West Main Street, Louisville, KY, USA, 40202
Humana is one of the largest private health insurers in the US, and the firm has built a niche specializing in government-sponsored programs, with nearly all its medical membership stemming from Medicare, Medicaid, and the military's Tricare program. Beyond medical insurance, the company provides other healthcare services, including primary-care services, at-home services, and pharmacy benefit management.
Executives
Timothy S. Huval officer: Sr. Vice Pres & Chief HR Offic 500 W. MAIN STREET, LOUISVILLE KY 40202
Jorge S. Mesquita director C/O KRAFT FOODS INC., THREE LAKES DRIVE, NORTHFIELD IL 60093
Susan M Diamond officer: Segment President, Home Bus. 500 W MAIN ST., LOUISVILLE KY 40202
Sanjay K Shetty officer: President, CenterWell 500 W. MAIN STREET, LOUISVILLE KY 40202
George Ii Renaudin officer: President, Medicare & Medicaid 500 W. MAIN SREET, LOUISVILLE KY 40202
Jones David A Jr/ky director C/O HUMANA INC, 500 WEST MAIN STREET, LOUISVILLE KY 40202
Bruce D Broussard officer: President 500 W. MAIN STREET, C/O HUMANA LAW DEPT., LOUISVILLE KY 40202
Joseph C Ventura officer: Chief Legal Officer & Corp Sec 500 W MAIN STREET, LOUISVILLE KY 40202
William Kevin Fleming officer: President, Hlthcare Svc Sgmt 500 WEST MAIN STREET, LOUISVILLE KY 40202
Timothy Alan Wheatley officer: President, Retail Segment 500 WEST MAIN STREET, LOUISVILLE KY 40202
Samir Deshpande officer: Chief Risk Officer 500 W MAIN STREET, LOUISVILLE KY 40202
Brad D Smith director 1040 13TH AVE, HUNTINGTON WV 25701
John-paul W. Felter officer: SVP, Chief Accting Off & Cont. 500 W MAIN ST, LOUISVILLE KY 40202
Michael A. Koeberlein officer: SVP, Chief Accting Off & Cont. 500 W MAIN ST., LOUISVILLE KY 40202
David T Feinberg director 1299 OCEAN AVENUE, SUITE 1000, SANTA MONICA CA 90401