ORIX Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of ORIX for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 0.9877 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 0.9881 | + | 0.892 * 0.9821 | + | 0.115 * 4.0691 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 1.0309 | + | 4.679 * 0.004842 | - | 0.327 * 1.0066 |
| = | -2.14 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec24) TTM: | Last Year (Dec23) TTM: |
Total Receivables was $10,370 Mil.
Revenue was 3244.237 + 2541.468 + 3333.796 + 3268.74 = $12,388 Mil.
Gross Profit was 3244.237 + 2541.468 + 3333.796 + 3268.74 = $12,388 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $0 Mil.
Total Assets was $109,983 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $19,463 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $605 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $9,580 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $0 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $37,498 Mil.
Net Income was 577.521 + 673.021 + 549.443 + 847.205 = $2,647 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = $0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 0 + 0 + 0 + 2114.664 = $2,115 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was $10,690 Mil.
Revenue was 2948.434 + 2941.817 + 3583.622 + 3140.053 = $12,614 Mil.
Gross Profit was 2948.434 + 2941.817 + 3583.622 + 3140.053 = $12,614 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $0 Mil.
Total Assets was $109,522 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $18,294 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $2,560 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $9,463 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $0 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $37,097 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (10369.628 / 12388.241) | / | (10689.79 / 12613.926) |
| = | 0.837054 | / | 0.847459 |
| | = | 0.9877 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (12613.926 / 12613.926) | / | (12388.241 / 12388.241) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (0 + 19462.963) / 109983.428) | / | (1 - (0 + 18293.586) / 109522.328) |
| = | 0.823037 | / | 0.832969 |
| | = | 0.9881 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 12388.241 | / | 12613.926 |
| | = | 0.9821 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (2559.988 / (2559.988 + 18293.586)) | / | (605.446 / (605.446 + 19462.963)) |
| = | 0.12276 | / | 0.030169 |
| | = | 4.0691 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (9580.31 / 12388.241) | / | (9462.88 / 12613.926) |
| = | 0.773339 | / | 0.750193 |
| | = | 1.0309 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((37497.729 + 0) / 109983.428) | / | ((37097.412 + 0) / 109522.328) |
| = | 0.34094 | / | 0.33872 |
| | = | 1.0066 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (2647.19 - 0 | - | 2114.664) | / | 109983.428 |
| | = | 0.004842 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
ORIX has a M-score of -2.14 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
Quick Browse
Personalize
Premium Gurus 
Create New Portfolio
Portfolio Contest
ORXCF has been successfully added to your