Byggma ASA Beneish M-Score Historical Data
The historical data trend for Byggma ASA's Beneish M-Score can be seen below:
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Byggma ASA Beneish M-Score Chart
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Byggma ASA Annual Data
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Trend |
Dec14 |
Dec15 |
Dec16 |
Dec17 |
Dec18 |
Dec19 |
Dec20 |
Dec21 |
Dec22 |
Dec23 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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-2.62 |
-2.13 |
0.94 |
-1.39 |
-2.79 |
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Byggma ASA Quarterly Data
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Mar19 |
Jun19 |
Sep19 |
Dec19 |
Mar20 |
Jun20 |
Sep20 |
Dec20 |
Mar21 |
Jun21 |
Sep21 |
Dec21 |
Mar22 |
Jun22 |
Sep22 |
Dec22 |
Mar23 |
Jun23 |
Sep23 |
Dec23 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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-1.39 |
6.30 |
5.96 |
-1.98 |
-2.79 |
Competitive Comparison of Byggma ASA's Beneish M-Score
For the Building Products & Equipment subindustry, Byggma ASA's Beneish M-Score, along with its competitors' market caps and Beneish M-Score data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
Byggma ASA's Beneish M-Score Distribution in the Construction Industry
For the Construction industry and Industrials sector, Byggma ASA's Beneish M-Score distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where Byggma ASA's Beneish M-Score falls into.
Byggma ASA Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Byggma ASA for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1.174 | + | 0.528 * 0.9277 | + | 0.404 * 1.0776 | + | 0.892 * 0.8863 | + | 0.115 * 0.6902 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 1.5192 | + | 4.679 * -0.050584 | - | 0.327 * 0.9963 |
| = | -2.79 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec23) TTM: | Last Year (Dec22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was kr347 Mil.
Revenue was 571.35 + 470.2 + 544.7 + 636.7 = kr2,223 Mil.
Gross Profit was 291.446 + 220.5 + 281.7 + 334.7 = kr1,128 Mil.
Total Current Assets was kr847 Mil.
Total Assets was kr3,241 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was kr819 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was kr119 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was kr20 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was kr1,135 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was kr849 Mil.
Net Income was -73.802 + 55.7 + 28 + 39.9 = kr50 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = kr0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 85.719 + 44.8 + 104 + -20.8 = kr214 Mil.
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Total Receivables was kr333 Mil.
Revenue was 559.495 + 565.2 + 683.2 + 700.3 = kr2,508 Mil.
Gross Profit was 242.035 + 276.8 + 334.5 + 327.7 = kr1,181 Mil.
Total Current Assets was kr937 Mil.
Total Assets was kr3,260 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was kr853 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was kr82 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was kr15 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was kr1,106 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was kr897 Mil.
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1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (346.622 / 2222.95) | / | (333.131 / 2508.195) |
| = | 0.155929 | / | 0.132817 |
| | = | 1.174 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (1181.035 / 2508.195) | / | (1128.346 / 2222.95) |
| = | 0.47087 | / | 0.507589 |
| | = | 0.9277 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (846.829 + 819.416) / 3240.559) | / | (1 - (936.718 + 853.454) / 3259.812) |
| = | 0.485816 | / | 0.450836 |
| | = | 1.0776 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 2222.95 | / | 2508.195 |
| | = | 0.8863 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (82.037 / (82.037 + 853.454)) | / | (119.264 / (119.264 + 819.416)) |
| = | 0.087694 | / | 0.127055 |
| | = | 0.6902 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (20.268 / 2222.95) | / | (15.055 / 2508.195) |
| = | 0.009118 | / | 0.006002 |
| | = | 1.5192 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((848.505 + 1135.105) / 3240.559) | / | ((897.005 + 1105.78) / 3259.812) |
| = | 0.61212 | / | 0.614387 |
| | = | 0.9963 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (49.798 - 0 | - | 213.719) | / | 3240.559 |
| | = | -0.050584 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Byggma ASA has a M-score of -2.79 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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