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E10 is a concept invented by Prof. Robert Shiller, who uses E10 for his Shiller P/E calculation. E10 is the average of the inflation adjusted earnings of a company over the past 10 years.
Leadway Technology Investment Group's adjusted earnings per share data for the fiscal year that ended in Dec. 2025 was HK$-0.016. Add all the adjusted EPS for the past 10 years together and divide 10 will get our e10, which is HK$-0.04 for the trailing ten years ended in Dec. 2025.
Please click Growth Rate Calculation Example (GuruFocus) to see how GuruFocus calculates Wal-Mart Stores Inc (WMT)'s revenue growth rate. You can apply the same method to get the E10 growth rate using E10 data.
During the past 13 years, the highest 3-Year average E10 Growth Rate of Leadway Technology Investment Group was 35.70% per year. The lowest was -37.00% per year. And the median was 0.00% per year.
Leadway Technology Investment Group (HKSE:02086) E10 Explanation
If a company grows much fast than inflation, E10 may underestimate the company's earnings power. Shiller PE Ratio can seem to be too high even the actual P/E is low.
For the Shiller P/E, the earnings of the past 10 years are inflation-adjusted and averaged. The result is used for P/E calculation. Since it looks at the average over the last 10 years, the Shiller P/E is also called PE10.
The Shiller P/E was first used by professor Robert Shiller to measure the valuation of the overall market. The same calculation is applied here to individual companies.
During the past 13 years, the highest Shiller P/E Ratio of Leadway Technology Investment Group was 108.75. The lowest was 17.33. And the median was 65.63.
Be Aware
Shiller PE Ratio works better for cyclical companies. It gives you a better idea on the company's real earnings power.
Leadway Technology Investment Group E10 Related Terms
Leadway Technology Investment Group E10 Historical Data
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
For the Security & Protection Services subindustry, Leadway Technology Investment Group's Shiller PE Ratio, along with its competitors' market caps and Shiller PE Ratio data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
Leadway Technology Investment Group Shiller PE Ratio vs Business Services Industry
For the Business Services industry and Industrials sector, Leadway Technology Investment Group's Shiller PE Ratio distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where Leadway Technology Investment Group's Shiller PE Ratio falls into.
Leadway Technology Investment Group E10 Calculation
E10 is a concept invented by Prof. Robert Shiller, who uses E10 for his Shiller P/E calculation. When we calculate the today's Shiller P/E ratio of a stock, we use today's price divided by E10.
What is E10? How do we calculate E10?
E10 is the average of the inflation adjusted earnings of a company over the past 10 years. Let's use an example to explain.
If we want to calculate the E10 of Wal-Mart (WMT) for Dec. 31, 2010, we need to have the inflation data and the earnings from 2001 through 2010.
We adjusted the earnings of 2001 earnings data with the total inflation from 2001 through 2010 to the equivalent earnings in 2010. If the total inflation from 2001 to 2010 is 40%, and Wal-Mart earned $1 a share in 2001, then the 2001's equivalent earnings in 2010 is $1.4 a share. If Wal-Mart earns $1 again in 2002, and the total inflation from 2002 through 2010 is 35%, then the equivalent 2002 earnings in 2010 is $1.35. So on and so forth, you get the equivalent earnings of past 10 years. Then you add them together and divided the sum by 10 to get E10.
Please note that we use the CPI data of the country/region where the company is headquartered. If the CPI data for that country/region is not available, then we will use the CPI data of the United States as default.
Leadway Technology Investment Group (HKSE:02086) has a E10 of HK$-0.04 as of Dec. 2025. E10 represents the company's inflation-adjusted earnings per share over a 10-year period. View historical data on Leadway Technology Investment Group and its competitors.
Is Leadway Technology Investment Group's E10 too high?
Leadway Technology Investment Group's current E10 is HK$-0.04. Overall, Leadway Technology Investment Group has a GF Score™ of 43/100 and is considered Modestly Undervalued, reflecting its overall financial health beyond just this single metric.
How does Leadway Technology Investment Group's E10 compare to ALLE and MSA?
Leadway Technology Investment Group's E10 of HK$-0.04 can be compared against companies in the Business Services industry. See the competitive comparison table and distribution chart on this page for a detailed peer-by-peer breakdown.
What is a good E10 for a Business Services company?
A good E10 depends on the Business Services industry context. However, E10 should not be evaluated in isolation — investors should consider it alongside profitability, growth, and financial strength metrics. Use the industry distribution chart on this page to see where any company falls relative to its peers.
What does a high E10 mean?
A high E10 can signal that a stock is expensive relative to its fundamentals. E10 represents the company's inflation-adjusted earnings per share over a 10-year period. View historical data on Leadway Technology Investment Group and its competitors. Leadway Technology Investment Group's current E10 is HK$-0.04. However, context matters — high-growth companies often justify higher valuations. Always evaluate alongside other metrics like GF Score™ and GF Value™.
Is Leadway Technology Investment Group stock overvalued right now?
Based on GuruFocus' analysis, Leadway Technology Investment Group (HKSE:02086) is currently considered Modestly Undervalued. The stock's GF Value™ is HK$0.57, compared to a current price of HK$0.50 — trading 12.3% below its estimated fair value. The current E10 is HK$-0.04. Leadway Technology Investment Group's overall GF Score™ is 43/100 with 1 warning sign to review. Investors should evaluate multiple metrics — including profitability, growth, and financial strength — before making a decision.
How is E10 calculated?
E10 is calculated from a company's financial statements. For Leadway Technology Investment Group (HKSE:02086), the current E10 is HK$-0.04 as of Dec. 2025. GuruFocus calculates this using data sourced from SEC filings and annual reports. See the calculation section and 30-year financial data on this page for the full breakdown.
Is Leadway Technology Investment Group (HKSE:02086) Overvalued in 2026?
Based on GuruFocus' analysis, Leadway Technology Investment Group stock appears to be undervalued.
The current stock price of HK$0.50 is trading 12.3% below its estimated GF Value™ of HK$0.57.
GuruFocus considers Leadway Technology Investment Group to be Modestly Undervalued.
Key valuation signals for HKSE:02086:
E10: HK$-0.04
GF Value™: HK$0.57 vs. price of HK$0.50 (12.3% below fair value)
No single metric tells the full story. See the HKSE:02086 stock analysis page for a complete view including 30-year financials, guru trades, and insider activity.
Leadway Technology Investment Group Ltd is an investment holding company. It is smart card reader supplier and is into the research and development of smart card operating systems and readers. It constantly offers a wide range of new products and promotes the application of smart cards in different areas. The principal activities of the Group are the development, sales and distribution of smart card products, software and hardware and the provision of smart card related services. The company has only one operating segment. The company has presence in Europe, Asia Pacific, The Americas, and Middle East and Africa. The company generates majority of revenue from Asia Pacific.
43GF Score
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