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Graham Number is a figure that measures a stock's fundamental value by taking into account the company's earnings per share and book value per share. The Graham number is the upper bound of the price range that a defensive investor should pay for the stock. According to the theory, any stock price below the Graham number is considered undervalued, and thus worth investing in.
XMAD:IAG'
s Price-to-Graham-Number Range Over the Past 10 Years
Min: 0.01 Med: 1 Max: 1.69
Current: 0.01
During the past 13 years, the highest Price to Graham Number ratio of International Consolidated Airlines Group was 1.69. The lowest was 0.01. And the median was 1.00.
XMAD:IAG's Price-to-Graham-Number is ranked better than 99.87% of 743
companies
in the Transportation industry
Industry Median: 1.02
vs XMAD:IAG: 0.01
Graham Number is a combination of asset valuation and earnings power valuation. It is a very conservative way of valuing a stock.
International Consolidated Airlines Group (XMAD:IAG) Graham Number Explanation
Ben Graham actually did not publish a formula like this. But he wrote in The Intelligent Investor (1948 version) regarding to the criteria for purchases:
Current price should not be more than 15 times average earnings of the past three years.
Current price should not be more than 1.5 times the book value last reported. However, a multiplier of earnings below 15 could justify a correspondingly higher multiplier of assets. As a rule of thumb we suggest that the product of the multiplier times the ratio of price to book value should not exceed 22.5. (This figure corresponds to 15 times earnings and 1.5 times book value. It would admit an issue selling at only 9 times earnings and 2.5 times asset value, etc.)
Unlike valuation methods such as DCF or Discounted Earnings, the Graham number does not take growth into the valuation. Unlike the valuation methods based on book value alone, it takes into account the earnings power. Therefore, the Graham Number is a combination of asset valuation and earnings power valuation.
In general, the Graham number is a very conservative way of valuing a stock. It cannot be applied to companies with negative book values.
International Consolidated Airlines Group's Price to Graham number Ratio for today is calculated as
Price to Graham number
=
Share Price (Today)
/
Graham number (Q: Mar. 2026 )
=
5.148
/
N/A
=
N/A
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Be Aware
Please keep these in mind:
1. Graham Number does not take growth into account. Therefore it underestimates the values of the companies that have good earnings growth. We feel that if the earnings per share grows more than 10% a year, Graham Number underestimates the value.
2. Graham Number punishes the companies that have temporarily low earnings. Therefore, an average of earnings makes more sense in the calculation of Graham Number.
3. Graham Numbers underestimates companies that are light with book.
International Consolidated Airlines Group Graham Number Related Terms
International Consolidated Airlines Group Graham Number Historical Data
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
International Consolidated Airlines Group Graham Number Chart
International Consolidated Airlines Group Annual Data
XMAD:IAG vs DAL, UAL, LUV: Graham Number Comparison
For the Airlines subindustry, International Consolidated Airlines Group's Price-to-Graham-Number, along with its competitors' market caps and Price-to-Graham-Number data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
International Consolidated Airlines Group Price-to-Graham-Number vs Transportation Industry
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
International Consolidated Airlines Group (XMAD:IAG) has a Graham Number of €N/A as of Mar. 2026. The Graham Number values a company based on its per-share earnings and book value. View historical data on International Consolidated Airlines Group and its competitors. Over the past decade, International Consolidated Airlines Group's Graham Number has ranged from 0.01 to 1.69. According to the industry distribution chart, International Consolidated Airlines Group ranks #1 out of 743 companies in the Transportation industry, placing it in the top 0.099999999999994%.
Is International Consolidated Airlines Group's Graham Number too high?
International Consolidated Airlines Group's current Graham Number is €N/A. Over the past 10 years, this metric has ranged from a low of 0.01 to a high of 1.69. Based on the distribution chart, International Consolidated Airlines Group ranks #1 out of 743 companies in the Transportation industry, which is in the top quartile — a strong position relative to peers. Overall, International Consolidated Airlines Group has a GF Score™ of 64/100, reflecting its overall financial health beyond just this single metric.
How does International Consolidated Airlines Group's Graham Number compare to DAL and UAL?
According to the Transportation industry distribution chart, International Consolidated Airlines Group ranks #1 out of 743 companies for Graham Number. This places International Consolidated Airlines Group in the top 0% of its industry — outperforming the majority of peers. The industry median Graham Number is 1.02. Historically, International Consolidated Airlines Group's own Graham Number has ranged from 0.01 to 1.69 over the past decade. See the competitive comparison table and distribution chart on this page for a detailed peer-by-peer breakdown.
What is a good Graham Number for a Transportation company?
The median Graham Number among Transportation companies is 1.02, based on 743 companies in the industry. Companies in the top quartile (top 25%) have a Graham Number significantly above this median, while those in the bottom quartile fall well below. However, Graham Number should not be evaluated in isolation — investors should consider it alongside profitability, growth, and financial strength metrics. Use the industry distribution chart on this page to see where any company falls relative to its peers.
What does a high Graham Number mean?
A high Graham Number can signal that a stock is expensive relative to its fundamentals. The Graham Number values a company based on its per-share earnings and book value. View historical data on International Consolidated Airlines Group and its competitors. For the Transportation industry, the median Graham Number is 1.02 — values significantly above this may indicate overvaluation, while values below may suggest a bargain or underlying issues. International Consolidated Airlines Group's current Graham Number is €N/A. However, context matters — high-growth companies often justify higher valuations. Always evaluate alongside other metrics like GF Score™ and GF Value™.
Is International Consolidated Airlines Group stock overvalued right now?
International Consolidated Airlines Group (XMAD:IAG) has a current Graham Number of €N/A. The current Graham Number is €N/A. International Consolidated Airlines Group's overall GF Score™ is 64/100 with 5 warning signs to review. Investors should evaluate multiple metrics — including profitability, growth, and financial strength — before making a decision.
How is Graham Number calculated?
Graham Number is calculated from a company's financial statements. For International Consolidated Airlines Group (XMAD:IAG), the current Graham Number is €N/A as of Mar. 2026. GuruFocus calculates this using data sourced from SEC filings and annual reports. See the calculation section and 30-year financial data on this page for the full breakdown.
International Consolidated Airlines Group Business Description
International Airlines Group is a European airline group flying under the British Airways, Iberia, Aer Lingus, and Vueling brands. The group's main airport hubs are London Heathrow, London Gatwick, Madrid, Barcelona, and Dublin. Geographically, it derives a majority of its revenue from the United Kingdom.
64GF Score
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