KB Financial Group Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of KB Financial Group for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1.3011 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 0.9998 | + | 0.892 * 1.0358 | + | 0.115 * 0.8918 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 1.1069 | + | 4.679 * 0.007371 | - | 0.327 * 0.8452 |
| = | -2.12 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Sep24) TTM: | Last Year (Sep23) TTM: |
Total Receivables was R$1,312 Mil.
Revenue was 21271.581 + 19243.821 + 19515.361 + 18773.21 = R$78,804 Mil.
Gross Profit was 21271.581 + 19243.821 + 19515.361 + 18773.21 = R$78,804 Mil.
Total Current Assets was R$0 Mil.
Total Assets was R$3,101,764 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was R$21,963 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was R$4,048 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was R$25,151 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was R$0 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was R$508,513 Mil.
Net Income was 6716.555 + 6765.41 + 3923.233 + 959.447 = R$18,365 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = R$0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 0 + 0 + 0 + -4498.301 = R$-4,498 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was R$973 Mil.
Revenue was 17023.703 + 17910.424 + 20133.675 + 21014.54 = R$76,082 Mil.
Gross Profit was 17023.703 + 17910.424 + 20133.675 + 21014.54 = R$76,082 Mil.
Total Current Assets was R$0 Mil.
Total Assets was R$2,651,914 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was R$18,297 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was R$2,948 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was R$21,937 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was R$0 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was R$514,369 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (1311.545 / 78803.973) | / | (973.132 / 76082.342) |
| = | 0.016643 | / | 0.012791 |
| | = | 1.3011 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (76082.342 / 76082.342) | / | (78803.973 / 78803.973) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (0 + 21962.618) / 3101763.684) | / | (1 - (0 + 18296.751) / 2651913.74) |
| = | 0.992919 | / | 0.993101 |
| | = | 0.9998 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 78803.973 | / | 76082.342 |
| | = | 1.0358 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (2948.347 / (2948.347 + 18296.751)) | / | (4047.831 / (4047.831 + 21962.618)) |
| = | 0.138778 | / | 0.155623 |
| | = | 0.8918 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (25150.897 / 78803.973) | / | (21936.855 / 76082.342) |
| = | 0.319158 | / | 0.28833 |
| | = | 1.1069 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((508513.093 + 0) / 3101763.684) | / | ((514368.709 + 0) / 2651913.74) |
| = | 0.163943 | / | 0.193961 |
| | = | 0.8452 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (18364.645 - 0 | - | -4498.301) | / | 3101763.684 |
| | = | 0.007371 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
KB Financial Group has a M-score of -2.12 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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