Great-West Lifeco Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Great-West Lifeco for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 0.301 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 1.0001 | + | 0.892 * 3.7838 | + | 0.115 * 0.9989 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 0.2004 | + | 4.679 * -0.000987 | - | 0.327 * 0.9146 |
| = | -0.48 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Jun24) TTM: | Last Year (Jun23) TTM: |
Total Receivables was $4,075.89 Mil.
Revenue was 3519.154 + 1542.553 + 13178.295 + 181.066 = $18,421.07 Mil.
Gross Profit was 3519.154 + 1542.553 + 13178.295 + 181.066 = $18,421.07 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $0.00 Mil.
Total Assets was $546,925.94 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $784.39 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $333.79 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $2,410.67 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $0.00 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $6,670.56 Mil.
Net Income was 757.388 + 732.861 + 576.178 + 692.484 = $2,758.91 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = $0.00 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 1120.029 + 186.909 + 3831.246 + -1839.48 = $3,298.70 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was $3,578.20 Mil.
Revenue was 1323.95 + 5278.813 + 342.289 + -2076.617 = $4,868.44 Mil.
Gross Profit was 1323.95 + 5278.813 + 342.289 + -2076.617 = $4,868.44 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $0.00 Mil.
Total Assets was $519,345.93 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $797.08 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $338.67 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $3,178.65 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $0.00 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $6,925.34 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (4075.885 / 18421.068) | / | (3578.203 / 4868.435) |
| = | 0.221262 | / | 0.73498 |
| | = | 0.301 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (4868.435 / 4868.435) | / | (18421.068 / 18421.068) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (0 + 784.385) / 546925.939) | / | (1 - (0 + 797.08) / 519345.928) |
| = | 0.998566 | / | 0.998465 |
| | = | 1.0001 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 18421.068 | / | 4868.435 |
| | = | 3.7838 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (338.67 / (338.67 + 797.08)) | / | (333.789 / (333.789 + 784.385)) |
| = | 0.298191 | / | 0.298513 |
| | = | 0.9989 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (2410.672 / 18421.068) | / | (3178.65 / 4868.435) |
| = | 0.130865 | / | 0.65291 |
| | = | 0.2004 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((6670.558 + 0) / 546925.939) | / | ((6925.335 + 0) / 519345.928) |
| = | 0.012196 | / | 0.013335 |
| | = | 0.9146 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (2758.911 - 0 | - | 3298.704) | / | 546925.939 |
| | = | -0.000987 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Great-West Lifeco has a M-score of -0.48 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
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