Globe Life Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Globe Life for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1.0263 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 0.9975 | + | 0.892 * 1.0422 | + | 0.115 * 1 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 0.9506 | + | 4.679 * -0.018251 | - | 0.327 * 0.9628 |
| = | -2.48 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec23) TTM: | Last Year (Dec22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was $630 Mil.
Revenue was 1415.691 + 1384.118 + 1326.406 + 1321.318 = $5,448 Mil.
Gross Profit was 1415.691 + 1384.118 + 1326.406 + 1321.318 = $5,448 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $18,685 Mil.
Total Assets was $28,051 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $240 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $0 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $332 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $981 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $1,630 Mil.
Net Income was 274.802 + 257.083 + 215.26 + 223.61 = $971 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0.123 + 0.05 + 0.085 + 0.05 = $0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 391.397 + 286.887 + 326.811 + 477.33 = $1,482 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was $589 Mil.
Revenue was 1335.113 + 1297.237 + 1291.764 + 1302.626 = $5,227 Mil.
Gross Profit was 1335.113 + 1297.237 + 1291.764 + 1302.626 = $5,227 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $17,299 Mil.
Total Assets was $25,987 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $212 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $0 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $335 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $884 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $1,628 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (630.223 / 5447.533) | / | (589.171 / 5226.74) |
| = | 0.11569 | / | 0.112722 |
| | = | 1.0263 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (5226.74 / 5226.74) | / | (5447.533 / 5447.533) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (18685.325 + 240) / 28051.499) | / | (1 - (17299.216 + 212) / 25986.797) |
| = | 0.325336 | / | 0.32615 |
| | = | 0.9975 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 5447.533 | / | 5226.74 |
| | = | 1.0422 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (0 / (0 + 212)) | / | (0 / (0 + 240)) |
| = | 0 | / | 0 |
| | = | 1 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (331.897 / 5447.533) | / | (334.991 / 5226.74) |
| = | 0.060926 | / | 0.064092 |
| | = | 0.9506 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((1629.559 + 980.752) / 28051.499) | / | ((1627.952 + 883.752) / 25986.797) |
| = | 0.093054 | / | 0.096653 |
| | = | 0.9628 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (970.755 - 0.308 | - | 1482.425) | / | 28051.499 |
| | = | -0.018251 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Globe Life has a M-score of -2.48 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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