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Graham Number is a figure that measures a stock's fundamental value by taking into account the company's earnings per share and book value per share. The Graham number is the upper bound of the price range that a defensive investor should pay for the stock. According to the theory, any stock price below the Graham number is considered undervalued, and thus worth investing in.
The historical rank and industry rank for Cass Information Systems's Graham Number or its related term are showing as below:
FRA:CC3'
s Price-to-Graham-Number Range Over the Past 10 Years
Min: 1.3 Med: 1.73 Max: 2.54
Current: 1.62
During the past 13 years, the highest Price to Graham Number ratio of Cass Information Systems was 2.54. The lowest was 1.30. And the median was 1.73.
FRA:CC3's Price-to-Graham-Number is ranked worse than 66.91% of 698
companies
in the Business Services industry
Industry Median: 1.16
vs FRA:CC3: 1.62
Graham Number is a combination of asset valuation and earnings power valuation. It is a very conservative way of valuing a stock.
Cass Information Systems (FRA:CC3) Graham Number Explanation
Ben Graham actually did not publish a formula like this. But he wrote in The Intelligent Investor (1948 version) regarding to the criteria for purchases:
Current price should not be more than 15 times average earnings of the past three years.
Current price should not be more than 1.5 times the book value last reported. However, a multiplier of earnings below 15 could justify a correspondingly higher multiplier of assets. As a rule of thumb we suggest that the product of the multiplier times the ratio of price to book value should not exceed 22.5. (This figure corresponds to 15 times earnings and 1.5 times book value. It would admit an issue selling at only 9 times earnings and 2.5 times asset value, etc.)
Unlike valuation methods such as DCF or Discounted Earnings, the Graham number does not take growth into the valuation. Unlike the valuation methods based on book value alone, it takes into account the earnings power. Therefore, the Graham Number is a combination of asset valuation and earnings power valuation.
In general, the Graham number is a very conservative way of valuing a stock. It cannot be applied to companies with negative book values.
Cass Information Systems's Price to Graham number Ratio for today is calculated as
Price to Graham number
=
Share Price (Today)
/
Graham number (Q: Mar. 2026 )
=
47.40
/
28.65
=
1.65
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Be Aware
Please keep these in mind:
1. Graham Number does not take growth into account. Therefore it underestimates the values of the companies that have good earnings growth. We feel that if the earnings per share grows more than 10% a year, Graham Number underestimates the value.
2. Graham Number punishes the companies that have temporarily low earnings. Therefore, an average of earnings makes more sense in the calculation of Graham Number.
3. Graham Numbers underestimates companies that are light with book.
Cass Information Systems Graham Number Related Terms
Cass Information Systems Graham Number Historical Data
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
FRA:CC3 vs TRNS, BKSY, KODK: Graham Number Comparison
For the Specialty Business Services subindustry, Cass Information Systems's Price-to-Graham-Number, along with its competitors' market caps and Price-to-Graham-Number data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
Cass Information Systems Price-to-Graham-Number vs Business Services Industry
For the Business Services industry and Industrials sector, Cass Information Systems's Price-to-Graham-Number distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where Cass Information Systems's Price-to-Graham-Number falls into.
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Cass Information Systems (FRA:CC3) has a Graham Number of €26.37 as of Mar. 2026. The Graham Number values a company based on its per-share earnings and book value. View historical data on Cass Information Systems and its competitors. This is 1424% above median its historical median of 1.73. Over the past decade, Cass Information Systems' Graham Number has ranged from 1.30 to 2.54. According to the industry distribution chart, Cass Information Systems ranks #467 out of 698 companies in the Business Services industry, placing it in the top 66.9%.
Is Cass Information Systems' Graham Number too high?
Cass Information Systems' current Graham Number of €26.37 is 1424% above median its 10-year median of 1.73. Over the past 10 years, this metric has ranged from a low of 1.30 to a high of 2.54. Based on the distribution chart, Cass Information Systems ranks #467 out of 698 companies in the Business Services industry, which is below the industry midpoint. Overall, Cass Information Systems has a GF Score™ of 63/100, reflecting its overall financial health beyond just this single metric.
How does Cass Information Systems' Graham Number compare to TRNS and BKSY?
According to the Business Services industry distribution chart, Cass Information Systems ranks #467 out of 698 companies for Graham Number. This places Cass Information Systems in the lower half of its industry. The industry median Graham Number is 1.16. Historically, Cass Information Systems' own Graham Number has ranged from 1.30 to 2.54 over the past decade. See the competitive comparison table and distribution chart on this page for a detailed peer-by-peer breakdown.
What is a good Graham Number for a Business Services company?
The median Graham Number among Business Services companies is 1.16, based on 698 companies in the industry. Companies in the top quartile (top 25%) have a Graham Number significantly above this median, while those in the bottom quartile fall well below. However, Graham Number should not be evaluated in isolation — investors should consider it alongside profitability, growth, and financial strength metrics. Use the industry distribution chart on this page to see where any company falls relative to its peers.
What does a high Graham Number mean?
A high Graham Number can signal that a stock is expensive relative to its fundamentals. The Graham Number values a company based on its per-share earnings and book value. View historical data on Cass Information Systems and its competitors. For the Business Services industry, the median Graham Number is 1.16 — values significantly above this may indicate overvaluation, while values below may suggest a bargain or underlying issues. Cass Information Systems's current Graham Number is €26.37, which is 1424% above median its own 10-year median of 1.73. However, context matters — high-growth companies often justify higher valuations. Always evaluate alongside other metrics like GF Score™ and GF Value™.
Is Cass Information Systems stock overvalued right now?
Cass Information Systems (FRA:CC3) has a current Graham Number of €26.37. The stock's GF Value™ is €42.38, compared to a current price of €47.40 — trading 11.8% above its estimated fair value. The current Graham Number is €26.37, which is 1424% above median its 10-year median of 1.73. Cass Information Systems' overall GF Score™ is 63/100 with 5 warning signs to review. Investors should evaluate multiple metrics — including profitability, growth, and financial strength — before making a decision.
How is Graham Number calculated?
Graham Number is calculated from a company's financial statements. For Cass Information Systems (FRA:CC3), the current Graham Number is €26.37 as of Mar. 2026. GuruFocus calculates this using data sourced from SEC filings and annual reports. See the calculation section and 30-year financial data on this page for the full breakdown.
Is Cass Information Systems (FRA:CC3) Overvalued in 2026?
Based on GuruFocus' analysis, Cass Information Systems stock appears to be overvalued.
The current stock price of €47.40 is trading 11.8% above its estimated GF Value™ of €42.38.
Key valuation signals for FRA:CC3:
Graham Number: €26.37 (1424% above median its 10-year median of 1.73)
GF Value™: €42.38 vs. price of €47.40 (11.8% above fair value)
No single metric tells the full story. See the FRA:CC3 stock analysis page for a complete view including 30-year financials, guru trades, and insider activity.
Cass Information Systems Inc is a provider of payment and information processing services to large manufacturing, distribution, and retail enterprises across the United States. The company provides transportation invoice rating, payment processing, auditing, accounting, and transportation information. It is also a processor and payer of energy invoices, including electricity, gas, waste, and other facility-related expenses. Additionally, the firm has a banking subsidiary, offering banking services mainly to privately held businesses in the St. Louis metropolitan area and restaurant franchises and faith-based ministries within the United States. The company operates in two reportable segments: Information Services, which generates the maximum revenue, and Banking Services.
63GF Score
Get the complete analysis for FRA:CC3
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