GenteraB de CV Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of GenteraB de CV for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 1.0007 | + | 0.892 * 1.2514 | + | 0.115 * 0.9975 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 0.9301 | + | 4.679 * 0.016384 | - | 0.327 * 1.3422 |
| = | -2.28 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec24) TTM: | Last Year (Dec23) TTM: |
Total Receivables was MXN0 Mil.
Revenue was 11067.041 + 9830.669 + 8913.369 + 8430.644 = MXN38,242 Mil.
Gross Profit was 11067.041 + 9830.669 + 8913.369 + 8430.644 = MXN38,242 Mil.
Total Current Assets was MXN0 Mil.
Total Assets was MXN106,829 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was MXN2,192 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was MXN1,468 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was MXN19,819 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was MXN0 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was MXN41,294 Mil.
Net Income was 1761.822 + 1645.994 + 1184.379 + 1412.47 = MXN6,005 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = MXN0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was -2911.534 + 1209.656 + -117.453 + 6073.753 = MXN4,254 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was MXN0 Mil.
Revenue was 8252.252 + 7787.75 + 7252.263 + 7267.099 = MXN30,559 Mil.
Gross Profit was 8252.252 + 7787.75 + 7252.263 + 7267.099 = MXN30,559 Mil.
Total Current Assets was MXN0 Mil.
Total Assets was MXN86,619 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was MXN1,839 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was MXN1,226 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was MXN17,027 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was MXN0 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was MXN24,946 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (0 / 38241.723) | / | (0 / 30559.364) |
| = | 0 | / | 0 |
| | = | 1 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (30559.364 / 30559.364) | / | (38241.723 / 38241.723) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (0 + 2191.771) / 106828.84) | / | (1 - (0 + 1839) / 86619) |
| = | 0.979483 | / | 0.978769 |
| | = | 1.0007 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 38241.723 | / | 30559.364 |
| | = | 1.2514 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (1226.455 / (1226.455 + 1839)) | / | (1467.807 / (1467.807 + 2191.771)) |
| = | 0.400089 | / | 0.401086 |
| | = | 0.9975 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (19818.589 / 38241.723) | / | (17026.837 / 30559.364) |
| = | 0.518245 | / | 0.557172 |
| | = | 0.9301 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((41293.925 + 0) / 106828.84) | / | ((24946 + 0) / 86619) |
| = | 0.386543 | / | 0.287997 |
| | = | 1.3422 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (6004.665 - 0 | - | 4254.422) | / | 106828.84 |
| | = | 0.016384 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
GenteraB de CV has a M-score of -2.28 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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