Simmons First National Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Simmons First National for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1.3101 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 1.0318 | + | 0.892 * 0.9083 | + | 0.115 * 1.0583 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 1.1436 | + | 4.679 * -0.013381 | - | 0.327 * 1.0875 |
| = | -2.37 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec23) TTM: | Last Year (Dec22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was $122.4 Mil.
Revenue was 175.544 + 194.054 + 204.766 + 220.481 = $794.8 Mil.
Gross Profit was 175.544 + 194.054 + 204.766 + 220.481 = $794.8 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $3,888.8 Mil.
Total Assets was $27,345.7 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $570.7 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $47.9 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $340.1 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $267.7 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $1,338.5 Mil.
Net Income was 23.907 + 47.247 + 58.314 + 45.589 = $175.1 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = $0.0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 420.543 + -38.496 + 60.185 + 98.747 = $541.0 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was $102.9 Mil.
Revenue was 234.322 + 233.459 + 222.24 + 185.118 = $875.1 Mil.
Gross Profit was 234.322 + 233.459 + 222.24 + 185.118 = $875.1 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $4,638.7 Mil.
Total Assets was $27,461.1 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $548.7 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $49.0 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $327.5 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $257.9 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $1,225.3 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (122.43 / 794.845) | / | (102.892 / 875.139) |
| = | 0.15403 | / | 0.117572 |
| | = | 1.3101 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (875.139 / 875.139) | / | (794.845 / 794.845) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (3888.775 + 570.678) / 27345.674) | / | (1 - (4638.663 + 548.741) / 27461.061) |
| = | 0.836923 | / | 0.8111 |
| | = | 1.0318 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 794.845 | / | 875.139 |
| | = | 0.9083 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (48.962 / (48.962 + 548.741)) | / | (47.877 / (47.877 + 570.678)) |
| = | 0.081917 | / | 0.077401 |
| | = | 1.0583 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (340.111 / 794.845) | / | (327.46 / 875.139) |
| = | 0.427896 | / | 0.374181 |
| | = | 1.1436 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((1338.507 + 267.732) / 27345.674) | / | ((1225.285 + 257.917) / 27461.061) |
| = | 0.058738 | / | 0.054011 |
| | = | 1.0875 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (175.057 - 0 | - | 540.979) | / | 27345.674 |
| | = | -0.013381 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Simmons First National has a M-score of -2.37 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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