Adamjee Insurance Co Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Adamjee Insurance Co for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * | + | 0.528 * | + | 0.404 * | + | 0.892 * | + | 0.115 * |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * | + | 4.679 * | - | 0.327 * |
| = | |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Jun24) TTM: | Last Year (Jun23) TTM: |
Total Receivables was ₨12,540 Mil.
Revenue was 19755.199 + 17322.462 + 21743.277 + 16729.678 = ₨75,551 Mil.
Gross Profit was 19755.199 + 17322.462 + 21743.277 + 16729.678 = ₨75,551 Mil.
Total Current Assets was ₨0 Mil.
Total Assets was ₨189,446 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was ₨5,308 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was ₨324 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was ₨-650 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was ₨0 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was ₨0 Mil.
Net Income was 1143.935 + 1016.73 + 527.862 + 1209.152 = ₨3,898 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 48.309 + -199.264 + 153.545 + 107.851 = ₨110 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was -75.487 + 558.234 + -2102.178 + 280.772 = ₨-1,339 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was ₨12,495 Mil.
Revenue was 13992.821 + 15706.671 + 13516.373 + 12267.946 = ₨55,484 Mil.
Gross Profit was 13992.821 + 15706.671 + 13516.373 + 12267.946 = ₨55,484 Mil.
Total Current Assets was ₨0 Mil.
Total Assets was ₨154,045 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was ₨5,420 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was ₨344 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was ₨573 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was ₨0 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was ₨0 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (12540.155 / 75550.616) | / | (12494.576 / 55483.811) |
| = | 0.165983 | / | 0.225193 |
| | = | |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (55483.811 / 55483.811) | / | (75550.616 / 75550.616) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (0 + 5308.236) / 189446.099) | / | (1 - (0 + 5420.314) / 154045.035) |
| = | 0.97198 | / | 0.964813 |
| | = | |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 75550.616 | / | 55483.811 |
| | = | |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (343.911 / (343.911 + 5420.314)) | / | (323.55 / (323.55 + 5308.236)) |
| = | 0.059663 | / | 0.057451 |
| | = | |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (-650.499 / 75550.616) | / | (573.151 / 55483.811) |
| = | -0.00861 | / | 0.01033 |
| | = | |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((0 + 0) / 189446.099) | / | ((0 + 0) / 154045.035) |
| = | 0 | / | 0 |
| | = | |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (3897.679 - 110.441 | - | -1338.659) | / | 189446.099 |
| | = | 0.027057 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
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