Cloudia Research SpAFRA:ZP2 17 Graham Number is €0.58 as of Dec. 2025, which is 100% below its 10-year median of 3.16. GuruFocus rates FRA:ZP2 with a GF Score™ of 17/100. The stock has 4 warning signs investors should review. Among 1,467 Software companies, Cloudia Research SpA ranks better than 72.6% on this metric.
Graham Number is a figure that measures a stock's fundamental value by taking into account the company's earnings per share and book value per share. The Graham number is the upper bound of the price range that a defensive investor should pay for the stock. According to the theory, any stock price below the Graham number is considered undervalued, and thus worth investing in.
As of today (2026-07-07), the stock price of Cloudia Research SpA is €0.63. Cloudia Research SpA's graham number for the quarter that ended in Dec. 2025 was €0.58. Therefore, Cloudia Research SpA's Price to Graham Number ratio for today is 1.09.
The historical rank and industry rank for Cloudia Research SpA's Graham Number or its related term are showing as below:
FRA:ZP2'
s Price-to-Graham-Number Range Over the Past 10 Years
Min: 1.05 Med: 3.16 Max: 4.82
Current: 1.13
During the past 5 years, the highest Price to Graham Number ratio of Cloudia Research SpA was 4.82. The lowest was 1.05. And the median was 3.16.
FRA:ZP2's Price-to-Graham-Number is ranked better than 72.6% of 1467
companies
in the Software industry
Industry Median: 1.85
vs FRA:ZP2: 1.13
Graham Number is a combination of asset valuation and earnings power valuation. It is a very conservative way of valuing a stock.
Cloudia Research SpA (FRA:ZP2) Graham Number Explanation
Ben Graham actually did not publish a formula like this. But he wrote in The Intelligent Investor (1948 version) regarding to the criteria for purchases:
Current price should not be more than 15 times average earnings of the past three years.
Current price should not be more than 1.5 times the book value last reported. However, a multiplier of earnings below 15 could justify a correspondingly higher multiplier of assets. As a rule of thumb we suggest that the product of the multiplier times the ratio of price to book value should not exceed 22.5. (This figure corresponds to 15 times earnings and 1.5 times book value. It would admit an issue selling at only 9 times earnings and 2.5 times asset value, etc.)
Unlike valuation methods such as DCF or Discounted Earnings, the Graham number does not take growth into the valuation. Unlike the valuation methods based on book value alone, it takes into account the earnings power. Therefore, the Graham Number is a combination of asset valuation and earnings power valuation.
In general, the Graham number is a very conservative way of valuing a stock. It cannot be applied to companies with negative book values.
Cloudia Research SpA's Price to Graham number Ratio for today is calculated as
Price to Graham number
=
Share Price (Today)
/
Graham number (Q: Dec. 2025 )
=
0.63
/
0.58
=
1.09
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Be Aware
Please keep these in mind:
1. Graham Number does not take growth into account. Therefore it underestimates the values of the companies that have good earnings growth. We feel that if the earnings per share grows more than 10% a year, Graham Number underestimates the value.
2. Graham Number punishes the companies that have temporarily low earnings. Therefore, an average of earnings makes more sense in the calculation of Graham Number.
3. Graham Numbers underestimates companies that are light with book.
Cloudia Research SpA Graham Number Related Terms
Cloudia Research SpA Graham Number Historical Data
* Premium members only.
The historical data trend for Cloudia Research SpA's Graham Number can be seen below:
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
FRA:ZP2 vs IBM, ACN, FISV: Graham Number Comparison
For the Information Technology Services subindustry, Cloudia Research SpA's Price-to-Graham-Number, along with its competitors' market caps and Price-to-Graham-Number data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
Cloudia Research SpA Price-to-Graham-Number vs Software Industry
For the Software industry and Technology sector, Cloudia Research SpA's Price-to-Graham-Number distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where Cloudia Research SpA's Price-to-Graham-Number falls into.
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Cloudia Research SpA (FRA:ZP2) has a Graham Number of €0.58 as of Dec. 2025. The Graham Number values a company based on its per-share earnings and book value. View historical data on Cloudia Research SpA and its competitors. This is 82% below median its historical median of 3.16. Over the past decade, Cloudia Research SpA's Graham Number has ranged from 1.05 to 4.82. According to the industry distribution chart, Cloudia Research SpA ranks #402 out of 1467 companies in the Software industry, placing it in the top 27.4%.
Is Cloudia Research SpA's Graham Number too high?
Cloudia Research SpA's current Graham Number of €0.58 is 82% below median its 10-year median of 3.16. Over the past 10 years, this metric has ranged from a low of 1.05 to a high of 4.82. Based on the distribution chart, Cloudia Research SpA ranks #402 out of 1467 companies in the Software industry, which is above the industry midpoint. Overall, Cloudia Research SpA has a GF Score™ of 17/100, reflecting its overall financial health beyond just this single metric.
How does Cloudia Research SpA's Graham Number compare to IBM and ACN?
According to the Software industry distribution chart, Cloudia Research SpA ranks #402 out of 1467 companies for Graham Number. This puts Cloudia Research SpA in the upper half of its industry. The industry median Graham Number is 1.85. Historically, Cloudia Research SpA's own Graham Number has ranged from 1.05 to 4.82 over the past decade. See the competitive comparison table and distribution chart on this page for a detailed peer-by-peer breakdown.
What is a good Graham Number for a Software company?
The median Graham Number among Software companies is 1.85, based on 1,467 companies in the industry. Companies in the top quartile (top 25%) have a Graham Number significantly above this median, while those in the bottom quartile fall well below. However, Graham Number should not be evaluated in isolation — investors should consider it alongside profitability, growth, and financial strength metrics. Use the industry distribution chart on this page to see where any company falls relative to its peers.
What does a high Graham Number mean?
A high Graham Number can signal that a stock is expensive relative to its fundamentals. The Graham Number values a company based on its per-share earnings and book value. View historical data on Cloudia Research SpA and its competitors. For the Software industry, the median Graham Number is 1.85 — values significantly above this may indicate overvaluation, while values below may suggest a bargain or underlying issues. Cloudia Research SpA's current Graham Number is €0.58, which is 82% below median its own 10-year median of 3.16. However, context matters — high-growth companies often justify higher valuations. Always evaluate alongside other metrics like GF Score™ and GF Value™.
Is Cloudia Research SpA stock overvalued right now?
Cloudia Research SpA (FRA:ZP2) has a current Graham Number of €0.58. The current Graham Number is €0.58, which is 82% below median its 10-year median of 3.16. Cloudia Research SpA's overall GF Score™ is 17/100 with 4 warning signs to review. Investors should evaluate multiple metrics — including profitability, growth, and financial strength — before making a decision.
How is Graham Number calculated?
Graham Number is calculated from a company's financial statements. For Cloudia Research SpA (FRA:ZP2), the current Graham Number is €0.58 as of Dec. 2025. GuruFocus calculates this using data sourced from SEC filings and annual reports. See the calculation section and 30-year financial data on this page for the full breakdown.
Cloudia Research SpA operates in the IT sector, providing services aimed at the digital transformation of business activity. It is engaged in digital transformation process, designing and providing innovative and customized solutions that allows to implement automated and interconnected IT management systems, which replace previous systems, improving operational efficiency and competitiveness.
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